Bioactive compound profile, antioxidant activity, and biological effects in Drosophila melanogaster of pineapple peel extracts obtained using different solvents and form

The investigation and valorization of plant-based waste are of critical importance for both economic and environmental sustainability. Research in this field not only contributes to the circular economy through the utilization of food waste but also facilitates the discovery of novel natural compounds that may support human health. This study aimed to examine the bioactive compound content, antioxidant activity, and biological effects of pineapple peel extracts obtained from different solvents and forms (ethanol, methanol, aqueous extracts, and powder infusion/tea forms). Within the scope of the research, the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of pineapple peel, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, compound profiling via LC–MS/MS, and the effects on larval mortality and biochemical parameters in the Drosophila melanogaster model were evaluated. The powdered infusion form of pineapple peel (PPPI) exhibited the highest performance in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The methanol extract (PPMe) stood out in terms of phenolic diversity and concentration, while the aqueous extract (PPAq) unexpectedly contained compounds such as rosmarinic acid. All extracts demonstrated high DPPH radical scavenging activity (above 79%). The tea form (PPT) showed the most effective antioxidant activity at high concentrations. PPPI and PPT provided the lowest toxicity in larval mortality assays and the highest oxidative stress protection. Biochemical analyses revealed that these forms increased total antioxidant status (TAS) while decreasing total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). Pineapple peel contained rare compounds such as catechin and taxifolin, enhancing its nutraceutical potential. Overall, pineapple peel, particularly in powdered infusion and tea forms, represents a valuable source for functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmacological applications due to its high bioactive compound content and antioxidant properties. The low toxicity of the aqueous extract offers an advantage for safe consumption, whereas ethanol and methanol extracts are suitable for pharmacological research. Future studies are recommended to optimize extraction techniques, investigate bioavailability, and conduct preclinical trials.