The article treats the features of trans-Pacific migration, when mobility was carried out using sailing vessels. Manila galleons became a key element of commodity exchange and a symbol of two-way communication between New Spain and the Philippines. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Asian migration was expressed in the slave trade, but the prohibition of indio-chino slavery in 1672 limited this form of human traffic. After gaining independence, Latin American states faced a shortage of workers. Based on the example of Peru, the peculiarities of the transformation of the trans-Pacific transport communication, the quantitative dynamics of the importation of contracted Chinese coolie workers, and their working conditions are considered. It is concluded that the coolie phenomenon was a transitional form of labor relations on plantations, which ended simultaneously with the decline of the era of sailing ships.
Nadezhda Kudeyárova (2025) studied this question.