This work is devoted to the study of morphology and composition of stones obtained as a result of surgical interventions for salolithiasis and cholelithiasis. X-ray microtomography, X-ray fluorescence analysis, transmission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, Raman spectroscopy have been used to study the pathogenesis of stone formation. Presumably, metal nanoparticles can be structural components of crystallization centers or embedded in the composition of antigenic structures in combination with protein and bacterial components under conditions of chronic endogenous inflammation.
Zolotov et al. (2025) studied this question.