Abstract A key instrument for assessing a nation's level of human development is the Human Development Index (HDI) and its associated dimensions. India's level of human development has been examined using secondary data that was obtained from UNDP reports. Life expectancy has increased by 22.8%, expected years of schooling by 57.9%, average years of schooling by 147.4%, and per capita Gross National Income (GNI) by 317.4% between 1990 and 2023, according to an analysis of changes in India. These increases have happened more quickly in India than in the world average. From 1990 to 2023, India's HDI increased by 53.6%, from 0.446 to 0.685. In addition, this growth is occurring twice as quickly as the global average. India's rise in life expectancy (22.8%) is greater than Iran, Iceland, and Pakistan. It is, however, marginally below Iraq (25.6%), which has a medium level of human development. Comparing the expected years of schooling, India's increase (57.9%) is lower than that of Pakistan and Iraq but higher than that of Iran, Iceland, and the global average. India's increase in the mean years of schooling (147.4%) is superior to that of all other nations and the world. In a similar vein, among the aforementioned nations and globally, India has experienced the largest increase in per capita GNI (317.4%). In addition, India's HDI has risen 53.6% in comparison to other nations and the global average. In conclusion, even though India's HDI and associated indicators have significantly improved; further progress is still required to move the country from a medium to a high level of human development.
Karande et al. (2026) studied this question.
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