Comparative analysis of horsetail and lavender-derived nanovesicles in wound healing and antioxidant defense

Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (pEVs) have emerged as promising natural biomaterials due to their safety profile, high biocompatibility, and rich bioactive cargo. In particular, pEVs have attracted interest because of their roles in intercellular communication. This study aimed to isolate and comprehensively characterize pEVs derived from Equisetum arvense (H-EVs) and Lavandula angustifolia (L-EVs), and to evaluate their morphological features, protein content, and biological functions, with a specific focus on wound healing, senescence, oxidative stress modulation, and antimicrobial activity. H-EVs and L-EVs displayed spherical morphology, high stability, narrow size distribution, and substantial protein content as confirmed by TEM and DLS analyses. In vitro assays in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) demonstrated that both pEV types were non-cytotoxic and significantly enhanced cellular metabolic activity. Scratch wound assays revealed markedly accelerated wound closure, driven by a combination of cell migration and proliferation. Senescence analyses showed reduced β-galactosidase activity and improved cellular morphology following with pEV treatment. Antioxidant assessments indicated increased total antioxidant capacity, decreased oxidant load, and a reduced oxidative stress index. Gene expression analysis by qPCR confirmed upregulation of COL1A1, COL1A2, and FGF, supporting extracellular matrix production and tissue repair. Additionally, both H-EVs and L-EVs exhibited notable antibacterial and antifungal activities. H-EVs and L-EVs effectively alleviate oxidative stress and cellular senescence while promoting wound healing through enhanced collagen synthesis, cell migration, and proliferation. Their non-cytotoxic nature, combined with antioxidant, anti-senescent, and antimicrobial properties, underscores their versatility and therapeutic potential. These findings highlight that pEVs as safe and effective biotherapeutic candidates, supporting their future clinical translation in dermatology and regenerative medicine.