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March 30, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Explicit Transcendental Numbers with Arbitrarily Large Finite Irrationality Measure

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DBDavid Betzer

Key Points

  • The aim is to develop a gap-ratio principle for lacunary base-M expansions to explore explicit transcendental numbers and their irrationality measures.
  • Developed a gap-ratio principle for lacunary base-M expansions
  • Proved asymptotic law for natural truncation approximants
  • Examined various gap sequences like exponential, factorial, and power-factorial
  • Conducted numerical experiments to validate the findings
  • Demonstrated lower bound for irrationality measure μ(α) based on growth laws of gap sequences
  • Established that exponential-gap family has Hausdorff dimension 0
  • Validated gap-ratio law through numerical experiments showing strong agreement with theoretical outcomes

Abstract

This paper develops a gap-ratio principle for lacunary base-M expansions of the form α = ∑ₙ≥1 aₙ / Mᵍⁿ, where the digits aₙ are bounded positive integers and the exponents gₙ form a strictly increasing sequence. The main theorem shows that the natural truncation approximants pN/qN satisfy the asymptotic law −log|α − pN/qN| / log qN = gₙ₊₁/gₙ + O (1/gₙ), so the approximation behavior is governed by the growth law of the gap sequence. As consequences, when gₙ₊₁/gₙ → s with 1 2, while factorial and power-factorial gaps produce a Liouville regime. The paper also proves that the exponential-gap family has Hausdorff dimension 0, and includes numerical experiments based on true truncation errors showing strong agreement with the gap-ratio law across exponential, factorial, and power-factorial examples.

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Cite This Study

David Betzer (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c9c5a4f8fdd13afe0bd808https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19270759
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