Cognitive health in postmenopausal women is significantly affected by hormonal shifts, especially the drop in estrogen levels. This review explores the intricate relationship between menopause and cognitive functions across six domains: perception, attention, memory, language, executive functioning, and motor skills. The hormonal changes associated with menopause are linked to impairments in memory, attention, executive functioning, and social cognition, with verbal and working memory showing the most significant decline. Neuropsychiatric issues such as anxiety, mood fluctuations, and "brain fog" might arise, often overlapping with symptoms related to cognitive decline. Screening tools like the Mini-Mental Status Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment assist in the early identification of cognitive decline. This review outlines interventions to preserve cognitive function and emphasizes the timing and advantages of initiating menopausal hormonal therapy during the early menopausal stage. Lifestyle modifications such as adopting a balanced diet, engaging in strength-building activities, and incorporating regular aerobic exercise play a vital role in enhancing cognitive resilience. Addressing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and sedentary behavior is crucial to prevent cognitive decline. Neuroimaging studies can now demonstrate gender-specific brain changes during the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), reinforcing the necessity for early intervention. This review recommends a comprehensive strategy that combines hormonal, dietary, physical, and mental stimulation methods to help postmenopausal women sustain their cognitive health and overall wellness. By raising awareness and advocating for preventive actions, women can face the challenges of menopause with assurance, safeguarding their quality of life and cognitive function.
Khadilkar et al. (2026) studied this question.