Accurately characterizing the kinematics of slow-moving urban landslides remains a major scientific and operational challenge, because no single monitoring technique can simultaneously provide spatially continuous deformation patterns and reliable three-dimensional displacement measurements. This study investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of a slow-moving landslide affecting the University of Azuay campus in Cuenca (Ecuador), where ongoing ground deformation has caused structural damage to several buildings. An integrated monitoring strategy combining GNSS measurements, Sentinel-1 multi-temporal DInSAR analysis, and geophysical investigations (ERT and seismic profiling) was adopted to characterize landslide kinematics and constrain subsurface conditions. GNSS observations revealed that the north–south displacement component was dominant, with cumulative displacements exceeding 20 cm during the monitoring period (from July 2021 to June 2024), while east–west displacements were on the order of 10 cm. MT-DInSAR analysis delineated the spatial extent of the unstable area and identified mean deformation rates of up to approximately −1.5 cm/year in the central sector of the landslide. The combined interpretation of geodetic and geophysical data indicates that slope instability is controlled by saturated fine-grained layers and mechanical contrasts, with the basal sliding zone associated with weak levels of the Mangan Formation. Overall, the results demonstrate the value of a multi-sensor, component-wise monitoring strategy for improving the reliability of deformation estimates and for supporting landslide risk assessment and land-use planning in complex urban environments.
Marino et al. (2026) studied this question.