The clinical spectrum and causal relationship assessment of checkpoint inhibitor‐associated autoimmune diabetes mellitus (CIADM): A retrospective observational study

CIADM is a severe immune-related adverse event (irAE) characterized by abrupt onset, a high rate of DKA, and profound insulin deficiency, often in the absence of conventional islet autoantibodies. A definitive causal link exists between PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and CIADM. Our findings underscore the necessity for proactive glycemic monitoring in patients undergoing ICI therapy, especially in populations such as middle-aged males with cancers known to have specific demographic profiles (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma). Importantly, the resumption of immunotherapy is feasible with careful management, highlighting the critical role of a multidisciplinary approach to optimize oncological and metabolic outcomes.