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April 4, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Is Japanese an Isolated, or Altaic Language?

OSOsamu Sakiyama

Key Points

  • The paper examines whether Japanese is an isolated language or part of the Altaic language family, considering historical and linguistic evidence.
  • Critically review linguistic theories surrounding Japanese's origin.
  • Analyze typological features and phonological correspondences with other languages.
  • Discuss historical migration patterns related to language formation.
  • Japanese displays mixed features from Tungusic and Austronesian languages.
  • Phonological correspondences with Altaic languages are weak, challenging the classification.
  • The long history post-formation complicates understanding of Japanese's origins.

Abstract

Japanese is a "mixed language" formed by the creolization of Tungusic languages with Austronesian languages.This process probably began during the late Jomon period, before 4000 years BP, and in the next Yayoi period, the proto-type of the present-day Japanese was already established. Formationof Ancient Japanese Although Japanese shares many similar typological features with Korean and so-called Altaic languages, the lack of clear phonological correspondences is a fundamental weakness for the Japanese-Altaic, or Japanese-Korean hypothesis.This lack must have been one of the important reasons why Japanese has long been considered as isolated, and this has encouraged people -linguists and amateurs alike!-to seek the origin of Japanese in arbitrary directions just as one likes.Most recently, a Japanese scholar has been trying to look for its origin in the Tamil language of Sri Lanka, or southeastern India, but how can we explain, in that case, the migration process into Japan?A famous Japanese linguist, Kindaichi says that, together with languages such as Basque, Burushaski, Andamanese, Ainu, etc., Japanese seems like a oneman party occupying alone a corner of an assembly hall, and that such an isolated condition is something very rare for a language of civilized people 1978: 33.However, the reason for such difficulties in finding the origin is attributable principally to the length of history following the formation of Japanese.According to Ruhlen 1987, Japanese is audaciously classified into Altaic language family!But, in the present situation, the notion of the Altaic seems to have become problematic, as some scholars of comparative linguistics such as G.Clauson, G.Doerfer, have doubts about the existence of a big language family.Therefore, let's examine the formation of Ancient Japanese (further-AJ) based upon the following assumptions:

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Cite This Study

Osamu Sakiyama (1999) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d0adc2659487ece0fa43dfhttps://doi.org/10.15055/00003395
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