This project presents the development of an autonomous line-following and obstacle-avoidance robot using the ESP32 microcontroller. Infrared sensors detect and follow the predefined path, while an ultrasonic sensor measures distance and identifies obstacles to prevent collisions. The ESP32 processes real-time sensor data to control the motor driver, ensuring smooth and stable navigation. A GSM module is integrated to send alerts during critical situations. The system is designed to be low-cost, scalable, and suitable for educational and automation applications. The prototype demonstrates consistent path tracking and efficient obstacle avoidance, making it adaptable for real-world industrial logistics and warehouse environments. The overall design highlights the importance of combining multi-sensor integration with wireless communication to enhance the robustness and usability of autonomous robotic systems.
D et al. (2026) studied this question.