Abstract Profiling the tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamental to understanding immune, stromal, and tumor interactions influencing cancer diagnosis, progression, and therapeutic response. Physical immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains essential but is limited by reagent dependency, labor-intensive workflows, and tissue exhaustion. This study aimed to develop and validate a virtual IHC platform to reproduce biomarker staining directly from hematoxylin and eosin (H0.0001). Virtual stains preserved spatial and morphological features, including CD31-positive vascular frameworks at tumor-stroma boundaries, CD45-positive immune infiltration, CD68-positive macrophage aggregates, SMA-positive stromal reaction patterns, and CK-positive tumor epithelium. Quantitative per-cell biomarker expression enabled automated precise cell fraction, cell ratio, spatial proximity, and immune and macrophage clustering analysis. These findings demonstrate that ViewsML’s virtual IHC technology can reproduce physical staining from standard H Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2026 Apr 17-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2026;86(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 75.
To et al. (2026) studied this question.