Objective Families of preterm infants can experience high stress during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalisation, which interferes with the development of parenting confidence and self-efficacy through active engagement with their infants. Parent NICU support programmes provide guidance and education to build this connection. This systematic review examined the effects of parent education programmes on confidence and self-efficacy among parents of preterm infants. Design Systematic review in PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Setting NICU. Participants Parents of preterm infants. Intervention Education programmes offered to parents in the NICU. Main outcome measures Quantitative surveys measuring parent confidence or self-efficacy. Results 14 studies met inclusion criteria from an initial 220 identified. Five were randomised controlled trials and nine were non-randomised studies. Programmes combining information delivery with opportunities for parent−infant engagement were most effective. Infant access and time to practise skills were key factors in transferring programme knowledge to increase parent confidence and self-efficacy. While 6 of the 14 studies did not show statistically significant differences between groups, all interventions demonstrated improvements in parental confidence or self-efficacy from baseline. Vast variability in duration of intervention, proper descriptions of facilitator trainings, methodological limitations and potential confounding factors reduced the overall quality of evidence to a low level. Conclusion Both unit-specific programmes developed within individual NICUs and commercially available, copyrighted parent education programmes hold value. They are generally effective in building parent confidence and self-efficacy among parents of preterm infants. Integrating either type of programme into standard NICU care may hold promise for strengthening parental competence and promoting family-centred outcomes. Clarity on content/topics of programmes, duration and level of facilitator trainings can strengthen the process of supporting parents in the NICU, even in low resource settings. PROSPERO registration number CRD42024524063.
Padbidri et al. (2026) studied this question.