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Poincar\'e stresses are explained as due to vacuum polarization in connection with a recently presented class of electromagnetic mass models in general relativity. The gravitational blue-shift of light, noted in an earlier solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations, is explained as due to repulsive gravitation produced by the negative gravitational mass of the polarized vacuum. It is pointed out that the electron model of Lopez, which includes spin, and which is a source of the Kerr-Newman field, gives rise to repulsive gravitation.
Øyvind Grøn (1985) studied this question.