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December 1, 1981College Composition and Communication3,521 citations

A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing

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LFLinda FlowerCarnegie Mellon UniversityJHJohn R. HayesPacific University Oregon

Key Points

  • To identify and articulate the cognitive mechanisms and governing criteria that direct the choices writers make during the composition process.
  • Reviewed foundational frameworks in rhetoric and composition concerning writing as a decision-making activity.
  • Analyzed contemporary survey findings and perspectives in composition research regarding cognitive models.
  • Formulates writing as an active cognitive process characterized by goal-directed decision-making.
  • Identifies distinct theoretical perspectives regarding the specific rules and criteria that guide textual choices.

Abstract

There is a venerable tradition in rhetoric and composition which sees the composing process as a series of decisions and choices.1 However, it is no longer easy simply to assert this position, unless you are prepared to answer a number of questions, the most pressing of which probably is: What then are the criteria which govern that choice? Or we could put it another way: What guides the decisions writers make as they write? In a recent survey of composition research, Odell, Cooper, and Courts noticed that some of the most thoughtful people in the field are giving us two reasonable but somewhat different answers:

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Cite This Study

Flower et al. (1981) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69d774e1db9d5e1bf4b8aacfhttps://doi.org/10.2307/356600
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1The writing process, methods of thinking and cognitive characteristics of creative writers – review of Nigel Krauth, The Creative Writer’s Mind2026
  2. 2Cognitive Process Frameworks in Academic Writing: A Systematic Review2025
  3. 3Writing Theories / Changing Communities2009
  4. 4Time, Space, and Tools: A Materio-cognitive Model of Digital Writing Process Development2026
  5. 5Writer-Based Prose: A Cognitive Basis for Problems in Writing1979 · 489 citations