Abstract Accurately predicting the atmospheric dispersion of volcanic ash and gases is crucial for both scientific understanding and hazard mitigation. Estimating Eruption Source Parameters (ESP), such as mass eruption rate, plume height, duration, and particle size distribution and properties, remains challenging due to the complex nature of volcanic processes and measurement uncertainties. This review examines recent advancements in assessing ESPs from the perspective of modeling, evaluating current limitations and potential future improvements. We overview how current models quantify crucial ESPs, either directly from observations or indirectly from proxies or modeling strategies, and address the inherent uncertainties. We identify critical areas needing further research and emphasize the importance of developing more robust and widely applicable methodologies. Finally, we propose innovative strategies to enhance ESPs estimations, ultimately improving volcanic hazard assessments and our understanding of eruption dynamics and their atmospheric interactions.
Costa et al. (2026) studied this question.