Surgical staples: Current state-of-the-art and future prospective

Wound closing is one of the widely performed and prominent clinical practices in the surgical intervention process. A physician or surgeon has several options ranging from surgical sutures and adhesive strips to fibrin glue for effective wound closure to close the commonly occurring surgical cuts and deep skin tissue injuries. However, all the commercially available wound closure devices have some limitations in each and another perspective. From the beginning of the late 90s, surgical staples got tremendous attention as efficient wound closure devices for their time-effective and sufficient mechanical strength, performance feasibility, fewer chances of surgical site infection and require minimal expertise characteristics in consideration of remote location. Even in the context of the recent COVID19 pandemic, the clinical acceptance and patient compliance for the staples have increased due to minimizing the chances of prolonged interaction between the patient and physicians. The surgical staples application is extensive and diversified, ranging from common external cuts to highly complex surgery procedures like laparoscopic appendectomy, intestinal anastomosis, etc. Thus, in this literature review, we try to give a comprehensive glimpse of the development and current state-of-the-art surgical staples in consideration with research from a commercial point of view. On a special note, this review also describes a very brief outline of the regulatory aspects and some common internationally acceptable ‘de jure standards for the development of commercially viable surgical staples.