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Abstract The ecosystem is a piece of landscape having artificial boundaries. Changes in ecosystem properties are viewed as gains minus losses or influxes minus outfluxes of matter and energy. The fluxes are expressed as products of gradients and permeation. The outside potentials of the flux gradients are identified with the environmental soil‐forming factors, particularly climate and biotic factor. Pedogenic functions as now rewritten offer psychological and typographical advantages.
Hans Jenny (1961) studied this question.