Subtractive manufacturing entails subtracting material until the required shape is achieved; in contrast, additive manufacturing entails constructing objects directly from a CAD model by layering materials. One popular method of three-dimensional printing that uses melted material to create successive layers is fused deposition modeling (FDM). We tested the extruded strands, the fundamental pieces, might simplify the time-consuming and expensive process of material characterization of 3D printed structures to acquire characteristics like stiffness and strength. Towards this, single strands the axial tensile modulus, ultimate strength, and failure strain of PLA material with different gauge lengths are tested, as well as those of numerous extruded filaments with or without overlap. This is done using the 2-parameter Weibull distribution in a probabilistic strength prediction model to ascertain the likelihood of extruded strand material failure at a certain stress.
Prakash et al. (2025) studied this question.