The growing adoption of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVS) has increased the need for secure, transparent, and verifiable certification and lifecycle tracking of hydrogen-related components. Current practices rely on fragmented documentation and centralized record-keeping, which creates risks of data manipulation, incomplete maintenance histories, and limited visibility for regulators and service providers. This paper introduces a blockchain-based framework that integrates decentralized storage, oracle-driven automation, and three interoperable smart contracts to manage stakeholder registration, component certification, vehicle assembly validation, and maintenance tracking. Implemented and evaluated in an EVM-compatible environment, the system enforces strict role-based access control, generates immutable audit trails, and automates both failure-based and mileage-based maintenance triggers using real-time inputs. A gas-cost analysis demonstrates that all contract functions operate at minimal cost under current Ethereum conditions, supporting the feasibility of real-world deployment. Overall, the proposed framework improves traceability, regulatory compliance, and operational accountability by enabling near real-time verification of certification records and reducing manual audit processing steps compared to traditional document-based certification workflows. • Blockchain ensures secure, tamper-proof FCEV component traceability. • Smart contracts automate certification, assembly, and maintenance. • Oracle triggers enable real-time, failure-, and scheduled service. • Framework improves compliance, transparency, and lifecycle oversight.
Alqaryuti et al. (2026) studied this question.