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IL-1 increased ceramide accumulation in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner with a peak response at 4 h, with IL-1 = 30 ng/ml. Neither IL-1 nor ceramide induced apoptosis in EEC, but they increased bcl-2 levels and decreased bax and p21 levels without affecting bcl-x and p53 levels. They also caused a slight but significant increase in the G2/M phase. These data suggest a role for ceramide in IBD and suggest a possible mechanism for the enhanced tumorigenic activity in IBD patients.
Homaidan et al. (2002) studied this question.