Pakistan's increased exposure to climate extremes has made floods a chronic national crisis from a periodic natural occurrence. This paper examines how changing environments have heightened the frequency and intensity of floods, with governance inefficiencies such as inadequate urban planning and water mismanagement have compounded their impacts across key sectors including food, human, and economy. In this regard, the paper underlines key structural drivers of flood vulnerability in Pakistan. Finally, it offers policy pathways to enhance flood resilience, including enhanced disaster response capacity, improved early warning systems and water management, and climate-smart urban planning.
Faryal Qazi (2026) studied this question.