Campus safety at Caleb University is influenced by environmental design factors such as landscape layout and lighting. This study examines their impact on students' safety perception using a mixed-methods approach, combining site observations with questionnaire data from 300 students. Findings show that while daytime safety is generally high, nighttime safety is lower due to poor lighting, dark spots, and obstructed visibility from vegetation. The study concludes that improving lighting, maintaining landscapes, and enhancing spatial planning are essential for safer campus environments, providing practical recommendations for design interventions in institutional settings.
Olasunmbo et al. (2026) studied this question.