This paper presents a comprehensive review of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of biofuel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). It consolidates previous findings on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, revealing that WCO-based biofuels can achieve a minimum of 30% reduction compared to conventional diesel. The study also examines the policy landscape influencing WCO biofuel production, highlighting key regulatory drivers and barriers. Recommendations are proposed to stimulate industry growth and support sustainable biofuel adoption. The findings underscore the potential of WCO biofuels as a viable low-carbon alternative in the transition to cleaner energy systems. Finally, the paper concludes with preliminary findings of an inter-university project involving the use of biodiesel derived from WCO in fishing boats in Malaysia.
Siow et al. (2026) studied this question.