Wind environment study and wind-induced hazard prevention of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda

Abstract As the world’s tallest and oldest existing pavilion-style building, wind-induced hazard prevention is critical for protecting Yingxian Wooden Pagoda. This study uses daily maximum wind data (2005–2024) from Yingxian National Basic Meteorological Station and hourly maximum wind data (2015–2024) from 8 automatic meteorological stations. Wind speed height correction and inverse distance weighting interpolation were integrated to reconstruct wind data at the Pagoda, focusing on spatiotemporal characteristics of Level 6 and above winds. Results show: Westerly winds dominate, with WSW/W winds accounting for 50% (Level 6), 60% (Level 7), and 70% (≥Level 8); Significant interannual fluctuation, concentrated in March to June, peaking at 15:00–16:00 daily; The Pagoda’s northeast tilt deformation is highly coupled with dominant westerly wind loads, identifying strong winds as a key external deformation driver. This study fills gaps in wind environment research of the Pagoda, providing data support and scientific basis for its wind protection.