Abstract Power generation from renewable energy sources is the key to a sustainable future. However, the efficiency in energy conversion is driven by the precision of the control system. A common problem in this kind of applicationis the voltage sags in the DC link,which can disturb the operation ofthe machine-side converter. In thissense, this work presents a methodfor tuning applied proportional-integral controllers with cross-coupling feed forward compensation terms and an integral clamping strategy used to control direct drive non-salientpoles permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbines under voltage sags. Thismethod is grounded in the black-winged kite optimization algorithm enhanced with chaoticinitialization using Chebyshevmap, and takes into consideration the minimization of the current tracking errors while concerns with system stability. Wind speed profile is emulated with a log-normal distribution model during the controller tuning and test. Anin-depth discussion on how to use the parametrization procedure is provided, discussing 45experiments (controller tuning andclosed-loop system performance using optimized controllers). Theresults indicate the feasibility of using this sophisticated control design, where all obtained sets ofgains provide fast tracking response and system stability,even when an unpredicted voltagesag occurs. Besides, a comparison with well-established meta-heuristic optimizers shows that the chaotic black-winged kite optimizer can provide a controller that provides smaller meanabsolute tracking errors incomparison to bat optimizer,artificial bee colony algorithm,and krill herd optimizer.
Evald et al. (2026) studied this question.