Cardiac pacemakers have evolved from bulky external devices to advanced implantable, leadless, and biological systems, significantly improving the management of cardiac rhythm abnormalities.
: The treatment of cardiac rhythm abnormalities such as bradycardia, heart block, and heart failure with dyssynchrony has been improved because of cardiac pacemakers. Their historical development from huge, external devices to contemporary implantable systems with improved programmability and physiological pacing capabilities is thoroughly addressed in this article. It highlights significant technological advancements that have enhanced clinical results and patient quality of life, such as the creation of transvenous leads, rate-responsive pacing, and cardiac resynchronisation treatment. The goal of recent advancements in biological pacing and leadless pacemakers is to address issues related to leads and device installation. The review also discusses current issues, such as battery life issues, device-related issues, and the quest of the most accurate simulation of normal cardiac rhythms. New technologies that incorporate energy harvesting, remote monitoring, and artificial intelligence have the potential to improve patient adherence, safety, and device operation. To fully achieve the therapeutic potential of cardiac pacing, interdisciplinary research and innovation must continue.
Rathod et al. (2026) conducted a review in Cardiac rhythm abnormalities (bradycardia, heart block, heart failure). Cardiac pacemakers was evaluated. Cardiac pacemakers have evolved from bulky external devices to advanced implantable, leadless, and biological systems, significantly improving the management of cardiac rhythm abnormalities.