Analytical Methods for Environmental Monitoring: Principles, Applications, and Case Studies

Environmental monitoring is essential for assessing pollution levels, understanding ecosystem health, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. Analytical chemistry provides the tools required for qualitative and quantitative detection of pollutants in air, water, soil, and biota. This review discusses classical and modern analytical methods used in environmental monitoring, including spectroscopic, chromatographic, electroanalytical, and sensor-based techniques. Recent case studies highlight real-world applications of these methods in air quality monitoring, water contamination assessment, and emerging pollutant detection. (Refs. 1–3)