Understanding the spatiotemporal formation mechanisms of built cultural heritage is essential to interpreting regional cultural landscapes and informing differentiated conservation strategies. Using Fujian Province, China, as a representative mountain–sea transitional region, this study constructs a province-scale, multi-category, and dynamically oriented analytical framework to investigate the temporal evolution, spatial structure, and driving mechanisms of immovable cultural relics. Based on a georeferenced dataset of 940 immovable cultural relics, textual historical records were standardized into continuous temporal variables and integrated with GIS-based kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation analysis, distance-to-coast modeling, and category co-occurrence analysis. The results reveal a pronounced temporal concentration in the Ming–Qing and modern periods, with a primary formation peak during the Qing Dynasty and a secondary peak in the early 20th century driven by modern heritage. Spatially, relics exhibit significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I = 0.375, p < 0.001) and form a structured dual-core pattern, consisting of a persistent coastal heritage belt and a distinct inland modern core centered in western Fujian. More than 75% of relics are located within 110 km of the coastline, confirming strong maritime orientation, while regression analysis reveals that this inland shift is primarily driven by the Modern Era rather than representing a continuous long-term trend. Category-level correlation analysis further demonstrates a clear spatial decoupling between traditional heritage and modern sites, indicating fundamentally different locational logics. Synthesizing these findings, this study proposes a dual-core driven model under a mountain–sea geographical framework, in which a path-dependent, economically reinforced coastal core coexists with a historically contingent, politically driven inland core. The results advance quantitative understanding of how multiple cultural logics, operating across different temporal scales, jointly shape complex regional heritage systems and provide a transferable framework for heritage analysis and spatially differentiated conservation planning.
Cai et al. (2026) studied this question.