Nonconsensual Dissemination of Intimate Images and Intimate Partner Violence: The Mediating Role of Internal Shame on Depressive Symptoms

Nonconsensual dissemination of intimate images (NCII), commonly referred to as revenge porn, has emerged as a growing concern among adolescents and young adults. It involves the unauthorized sharing of intimate images or videos of individuals without their consent. Research suggests a strong association between NCII and other forms of interpersonal abuse, such as intimate partner violence (IPV). Victims of NCII often experience negative consequences such as anxiety, guilt, shame, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. This study investigates the potential connection and interaction between NCII and IPV on depression among traumatized individuals, with internal shame as a mediating variable. In addition, we examine gender and sexual orientation on internalizing behaviors. A sample of 803 young adults with self-reported experiences of trauma participated in this study. Approximately 4.6% of participants reported NCII. No significant gender differences in victimization were found; however, a higher prevalence was observed among sexual minorities compared to heterosexual participants. Structural equation modeling revealed that the effect of IPV on depression was partially mediated by internal shame, while the effect of NCII was fully mediated by internal shame. Future research should explore risk and protective factors associated with digitally facilitated interpersonal sexual violence. This can inform the development of preventative programs that address the specific needs of minority and marginalized populations.