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April 23, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Joint Dual-Orbit Validation Using BeiDou GEO and GPS MEO: Unified Field Theory Satellite Day–Night Clock-Bias Prediction Strongly Confirmed by Measurements

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XZXiangqian ZhangYXYuchuan Xu

Key Points

  • The research aims to validate the NO7 unified field framework using GNSS products from BeiDou and GPS for clock-bias predictions.
  • Analyzed publicly archived GNSS precise products from IGS MGEX and NASA CDDIS.
  • Conducted a dual orbit verification focusing on BeiDou geostationary and GPS medium earth orbit satellites.
  • Utilized local solar time alignment to assess clock estimates at noon and midnight.
  • Identified a robust 24-hour solar phase locked diurnal signal in BeiDou GEO clock estimates with an amplitude of about 34.45 ns.
  • Recovered a 24-hour solar locked component in GPS MEO after removing dominating harmonics, measuring about 21.97 ns.
  • Confirmed coherent phase behavior and magnitude scaling across orbit types, surpassing expected relativistic effects.

Abstract

This study performs a dual orbit verification of the NO7 unified field framework using publicly archived GNSS precise products from IGS MGEX and NASA CDDIS. We analyze BeiDou geostationary satellites and GPS medium earth orbit satellites with local solar time alignment for noon and midnight windows, and cross check results with two independent analysis center products to reduce single center bias. A robust 24 hour solar phase locked diurnal signal is found in BeiDou GEO clock estimates, showing a peak to peak amplitude of about 34.45 ns with a consistent phase pattern of slower clocks near local noon and faster clocks near local midnight. For GPS MEO, the raw series is strongly contaminated by orbital harmonics; after removing the dominant 12 hour and higher order components via multi period harmonic decomposition, the recovered 24 hour solar locked component is about 21.97 ns, matching the predicted orbit dependent scaling. Across both orbit types, the signal exhibits coherent phase behavior and magnitude scaling with geocentric radius, and it is far above the near cancelation level expected under the standard relativistic treatment of the solar first order contribution. The work provides a reproducible, public data based test protocol and an orbit cross validated evidence chain for the reported solar locked diurnal clock term.

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Cite This Study

Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e9bb6285696592c86ed0b7https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19677862
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