Introduction Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum , is a major fungal disease leading to significant crop losses worldwide. Conventional chemical fungicides used to manage this disease pose environmental and health risks, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Methods This study explores the antifungal efficacy of green-synthesized nanoformulations derived from Chinar ( Platanus orientalis ) and Dal weed ( Ceratophyllum demersum ) extracts for controlling Fusarium wilt. Nanoformulations were prepared and characterized for particle size, stability, and bioactive compound content. Results and discussion The Chinar-based nanoformulation exhibited superior antifungal activity due to its higher flavonoid content, smaller droplet size, and higher zeta potential, enhancing its stability and bioavailability. In-vitro assays revealed dose-dependent inhibition of F. oxysporum , with complete suppression observed at a 40% concentration. Membrane integrity assays indicated that the nanoformulations disrupted fungal cell membranes, causing leakage of cellular contents without inducing genetic damage. In-vivo trials on chilli plants demonstrated that treatments with 50% and 60% nanoformulation concentrations significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt without causing phytotoxic effects, confirming their practical applicability in agricultural conditions. Furthermore, the eco-friendly synthesis of these nanoformulations from agricultural waste materials offers environmental and economic benefits, supporting their integration into sustainable farming practices. The possible inhibitory interaction of phytoconstituents with important Fusarium oxysporum proteins was validated by molecular docking research. Overall, Chinar and Dal weed-based nanoformulations present an effective, safe, and environmentally sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides, offering promising solutions for managing Fusarium wilt and improving crop health.
Bashir et al. (2026) studied this question.