Three-dimensional layered utilization of maritime areas represents a significant exploration in China’s development and utilization of marine spatial resources. However, the current management of maritime spatial resources in China faces challenges including: an incomplete legal framework for three-dimensional maritime use, unclear delineation of governmental oversight and regulatory responsibilities, conflicts among maritime rights holders, and insufficient public participation. Under the framework of polycentric governance and guided by the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development, it is imperative to accelerate the revision of national-level laws and regulations, clarify the boundaries of government powers and responsibilities, explore coordination and cooperation models among sea area users, and enhance the effectiveness of public participation. These measures aim to achieve the scientific and efficient utilization as well as effective protection of marine resources, thereby promoting the high-quality development of the marine economy.
Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.