The study aims to determine the cultural peculiarities of the functioning of invective as a means of cultural identification on the example of three languages – English, Chinese, and Russian. To analyse the linguistic and cultural dominants, an online survey was conducted among 300 respondents: 100 from the Kazakh Russian-speaking community in Almaty, 100 from China (Shanghai), and 100 from Canada (Vancouver). The study highlighted the issue of the relevance of invective vocabulary in interpersonal communication and outlined the role of this invective in the circle of communication of modern life. The experience of using different types of invectives is analysed, and it is determined that the most frequent in English are sexual invectives, in Chinese—invectives related to family values and social hierarchy, in Russian—invectives of sexual activity and physiological defects. The study indicated that the invective vocabulary of each language contains cultural identity and social norms.
Mettibayeva et al. (2026) studied this question.