The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storage is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of electric vehicle (EV) energy systems. Modeling and simulation of a bidirectional DC–DC converter enable effective power flow management and optimization under varying operating conditions. This paper proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery integrated multi-port DC–DC converter for efficient energy management in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The work addresses the challenge of inefficient energy utilization and high battery stress in conventional EV systems. The system employs a non-isolated dual-input dual-output (DIDO) converter that integrates renewable solar energy with battery storage to ensure continuous and reliable power supply. The converter is capable of operating in both buck and boost modes, enabling effective voltage regulation under varying input and load conditions. It also supports bidirectional power flow, facilitating battery charging, discharging, and regenerative braking. A Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is implemented to maintain a stable output voltage and improve dynamic performance by adjusting the duty cycle of switching devices. The research hypothesis is that integrating PV with battery storage through a bidirectional converter improves overall system efficiency compared to standalone battery systems. The system operates in multiple modes, including PV-to-load, PV-to-battery, battery-to-load, and combined operation, ensuring optimal utilization of available energy sources. This approach reduces battery stress, enhances system efficiency, and improves overall reliability. Simulation and hardware implementations are carried out to validate the performance of the proposed system. The system achieves an efficiency of approximately 92–94% under varying operating conditions. The results demonstrate stable voltage output, efficient power sharing, and high efficiency, making the system a promising solution for sustainable and next-generation electric vehicle applications.
Gnanaprakash et al. (2026) studied this question.