BACKGROUND: The assessment of mental health problems has traditionally been done with male or gender-neutral questionnaires. This study analyzes the effects of the gender of the AQ-9 questionnaire, as well as of the respondent, on stigma towards mental health problems. METHOD: A sample of 2,746 adults from the general Spanish population stratified by gender responded to three different versions of the AQ-9 questionnaire: vignette formulated in the female, male and neutral gender. Analyses of invariance and of differences of means for independent samples (ANOVAS) were carried out for both respondent gender and vignette gender. RESULTS: The results show that women tend to be more compassionate and perceive more danger or fear, while men fulfil traditional gender roles by feeling more anger or guilt. Depending on the gender of the vignette, there was a tendency to feel more pity and help towards women, as well as fear, danger, avoidance and coercion towards men. The neutral vignette generated more segregation attributions. CONCLUSIONS: This study underlines the need to take gender into account when designing assessment instruments. Implications and recommendations from an intersectional perspective are discussed.
González-Sanguino et al. (2026) studied this question.