Biosensors have emerged as powerful analytical tools in modern medical diagnostics owing to their high sensitivity, specificity, rapid response, and suitability for point-of-care testing.1,2 These devices integrate a biological recognition element with a physicochemical transducer to detect clinically relevant analytes.3 Recent advancements in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and artificial intelligence have significantly enhanced biosensor performance, facilitating early disease detection and personalized healthcare.6,7 This review discusses the fundamental principles of biosensors, their classification based on transduction mechanisms, recent technological advancements, and their applications in diagnosing various diseases, including infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, current challenges and future perspectives in biosensor development are highlighted.
1Prof. Ashwini Shrikrushna Taware* (2026) studied this question.