to further increase the ECL signal change. Overall, the strong signal-on mode induced via multiple signal amplification can improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The resulting sensor showed excellent analytical performance with a broad dynamic range from 100 fg/mL to 1 μg/mL. The low limit of detection (LOD) was 25.3 fg/mL. This design provided a new direction for ultrasensitive monitoring of HC in the environment.
Huang et al. (2026) studied this question.