at 1.5 V and 3 mg/L Zn. A scaled-up system was subsequently developed and demonstrated effective disinfection of natural surface waters at a practical flow rate of 420 mL/min. Collectively, these findings establish EFT-Zn as a scalable, efficient, and health-promoting water disinfection strategy that integrates both microbial safety with micronutrient fortification, providing a foundation for next-generation sustainable drinking water technologies.
Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.