Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopaminergic neuron loss. Levodopa, the primary treatment, is commonly paired with carbidopa to enhance brain bioavailability and minimize peripheral side effects. However, challenges such as motor fluctuations and limited absorption necessitate advanced drug delivery approaches. These include extended-release, gastro-retentive, and transdermal systems, as well as innovative formulations like the Accordion Pill®, DM-1992, and subcutaneous infusions like ND0612. Such strategies aim to provide sustained plasma levels, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. Ongoing research is vital for optimizing delivery and enhancing the quality of life in PD management. Innovative drug delivery systems for levodopa/carbidopa in Parkinson’s disease aim to overcome motor fluctuations and improve patient outcomes. Approaches include 3D-printed scaffolds, inhalable powders, enteral suspensions, segmented tablets, and extended-release formulations, offering controlled and personalized therapy. These strategies enhance bioavailability, stability, and symptom management in advanced PD care. Advanced strategies in Levodopa delivery for Parkinson’s disease include PEGylation, lipid nanoparticle conjugation, and ligand-mediated targeting for enhanced brain penetration. Functionalized nanoparticles improve bioavailability, reduce side effects, and offer controlled release. Clinical trials like ELLDOPA, STRIDE-PD, and CALM-PD guide optimized therapy, shaping future personalized treatment approaches.
Pranusha et al. (2026) studied this question.