retrieved from experiments, we design a π-phase modulator with a uniform amplitude profile. Adding a second tunable monolayer, we achieve independent control of the amplitude and phase over the full 0-2π phase range, which we leverage for a reconfigurable beam-steering metadevice. Our results demonstrate how hybrid-2D excitonic metasurfaces enable electrically tunable wavefront shaping in the visible regime.
Hoekstra et al. (2026) studied this question.