An Updated Review on Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Used inDrug Delivery Systems

Introduction: Second-generation lipid-based nanocarriers called nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been developed to overcome the drawbacks of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), specifically their low drug loading capacity and tendency for drug expulsion. This study focuses on the preparation techniques, comparative benefits, uses, and new difficulties of NLCs in the administration of pharmaceutical drugs. Methods: Literature from recent studies was analyzed to summarize the technological advances in NLCs design, including high-pressure homogenization, solvent injection, microemulsion, ultrasonication, and microwave-assisted synthesis. Emphasis was given to their comparative performance against conventional systems and their applications via multiple routes of administration. Results: NLCs exhibit superior drug loading, controlled release, enhanced stability, and improved bioavailability relative to traditional formulations such as tablets, emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric carriers. They have demonstrated significant potential in topical, oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and parenteral delivery, as well as in cancer therapy, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, dermatological conditions, and gene delivery Discussion: NLCs offer several positive benefits, including skin hydration, occlusion, increased bioavailability, and skin targeting, which give them a significant advantage in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics markets. NLCs design optimization for particular therapeutic targets, stability enhancement, and the development of more effective manufacturing techniques are the main goals of ongoing research. Conclusion: NLCs represent a promising and versatile platform for drug delivery, combining biocompatibility with functional adaptability. However, long-term safety, regulatory harmonization, and clinical translation remain critical challenges that must be addressed to realize their full therapeutic potential