-PBDF heaters retain >85% of their initial performance after 7 days of continuous operation and withstand 60 000 bending cycles (10 mm radius), demonstrating both robust operational stability and mechanical durability. Finally, we demonstrate practical utility by rapid deicing of surface frost on glass-substrate heaters cooled on dry ice (-78.5 °C), and by integrating heaters fabricated on flexible PET substrates into ski goggles and motorcycle visors to enable rapid, low-voltage defogging.
Romo et al. (2026) studied this question.