This paper examines representations of spiritual emptiness and alienation in The Hollow Men and Taxi Driver. Situating the works within post-World War I Europe and post-Vietnam America, it analyses how fragmentation, repetition, and disrupted continuity shape experiences of existential dislocation. Through a comparative literary and cinematic approach, the study argues that emptiness operates not only as a theme but as a structural condition embedded in both texts, reflecting the instability of modern experience.
Sahani et al. (2026) studied this question.