The impact of international variables on relations between Turkey and Greece, two countries with a long and complex history of tensions and conflicts, particularly in the areas of security, maritime borders, and the Cyprus issue. The research examines the influence of various international powers, such as the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations, on the dynamics of relations between the two countries.The study reveals that international variables play a pivotal role in shaping Turkish-Greek relations. For example, American and European policies directly impact the regional balance between the two countries, as major powers seek to maintain regional stability and pursue their own interests. Military and political tensions in other regions, such as the Middle East or the Black Sea, also contribute to changing strategies pursued by Turkey and Greece.The research problem is represented in the interaction of international variables with regional and local contexts and the extent of their impact on Turkish-Greek policies and positions. The main question is formulated: Does the international variable have a strong impact on Turkish-Greek relations?
Hassan et al. (2025) studied this question.