ABSTRACT Probiotics, beneficial microorganisms, confer numerous health benefits when administered. However, their efficacy is hindered by harsh gut conditions, including acidity, bile acids, and enzymatic degradation. To overcome these challenges, encapsulation and nanoshell technology have emerged as a pivotal strategy to enhance probiotic stability, bioavailability, and specificity. Wall materials comprising proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids protect sensitive core materials like probiotics. In recent advancements, surface‐engineered probiotics and nanoshell techniques have demonstrated the ability to regulate development and differentiation. Despite promising outcomes, critical challenges persist in nanoshell fabrication, including production scalability, controlled release behavior, and interaction between encapsulating material and probiotic surfaces. The research is important because it contributes to advancing functional food, next‐generation probiotics, and therapeutic delivery systems, which may help treat gastrointestinal tract and health issues. Furthermore, it addresses important knowledge gaps regarding the interaction between encapsulating material and the probiotics' surface. It also discussed future prospects for improving delivery efficiency by adding a functional molecule to enhance colonization. This review aims to provide an up‐to‐date overview of popular and recent coating materials/biopolymers for probiotic encapsulation. It further explores recent advances in nanoshell production mediated by individual bacteria, and discusses their future prospect for improving delivery efficiency.
Mustafa et al. (2026) studied this question.