A comparative study of flow and heat transfer characteristics of a magnetized hybrid nanofluid (Cu–MoS₂/H₂O) over a porous rotating stretching surface with suction, thermal radiation and heat source/sink effects

The current work investigates the heat transfer behavior of MHD hybrid nanofluid (Cu–MoS₂/H₂O) flow over a three-dimensional rotating stretching sheet, considering the effects of thermal radiation, nanoparticle shape, and Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. The base fluid is water (H2O), and the nanoparticles of copper (Cu) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) contribute to the hybrid nanofluid. Applications for these hybrid nanofluids are numerous and include heat exchangers, cooling systems, biomedical devices, and agricultural operations. The physical problem is modeled using partial differential equations (PDEs), which are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity transformations. The resulting collection of ODEs is resolved by employing the bvp4c method in MATLAB. The findings demonstrate that raising the values of λ, M , and S increases the y -component of fluid velocity while decreasing the x -component. Moreover, the profile of temperature increases with growing values of λ , Rd, M, S, & n. A comparison with existing literature shows good agreement with previous studies, confirming the accuracy of the present analysis.