Green approaches toward sustainable materials for electrochemical sensors

Electrochemical sensors are important analytical tools due to their sensitivity, low reagent consumption, and compatibility with portable and miniaturized devices. These characteristics make them attractive for environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, forensic and food analyses. However, conventional electrochemical sensors rely on non-renewable materials, synthetic polymers, and fabrication processes that contribute to material consumption and waste generation. As demand for low-cost and disposable devices increases, improving the sustainability of electrochemical sensors has become an important research direction. This perspective summarizes advances in sustainable materials and green fabrication strategies. Renewable substrates such as cellulose and biomass-derived conductive materials are discussed as promising alternatives. 3D-printing technology enables material-efficient fabrication and the use of recyclable and bio-based polymers. Current challenges include variability of bio-derived materials, limitations in mechanical and electrochemical stability, and the need to balance sustainability with electroanalytical performance. These developments highlight the role of sustainable materials in environmentally responsible electrochemical sensors design.