Abstract Background: The complexity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) centers on the unpredictable clinical course of the rapidly progressing disease, which leads to severe and fatal complications. Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of cytokines (interleukin-6 IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF- α , interferon-alpha IFN- α , and interferon-gamma IFN- γ ) on the pancreas after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as a serological test to measure the levels of immunological parameters IL-6, TNF- α , IFN- α , and IFN- γ using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a biochemical test to determine the levels of blood glucose, lipase, and amylase, in addition to measuring hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels for all groups. It was presented to 120 people, who were divided into three groups, whose ages ranged from 18 to 75 years, during the period from January 1, 2022, until the end of April 2022. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of diabetic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for immunological assays were higher than those in the diabetic group and the control group. Random blood glucose was 335.72 ± 97.56 mg/dL, 328.87 ± 97.2 mg/dL, and 95.8 ± 10.62 mg/dL, respectively, and mean HbA1C levels were 9.46 ± 1.62, 9.62 ± 1.62, and 4.81 ± 0.77, and so on, relative to serum amylase and lipase levels. Conclusion: Cytokine disturbances are key drivers of multiple organ failure in many patients with severe COVID-19 complications.
Al-Saeedi et al. (2026) studied this question.