Pharmacotherapeutic advancements in personalised medicine, clinical pharmacy practice, pharmacogenomics (PGx), model-informed precision dosing (MIPD), therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly shaping individualised drug therapy. Personalised pharmacotherapy offers substantial potential to improve safety and effectiveness, yet translation into routine care remains inconsistent across disease areas and health systems. Gaps persist in integrating biological insight, quantitative tools, and workflow-ready decision support into coherent therapeutic strategies. This review aimed to critically evaluate emerging pharmacotherapeutic trends and their practical integration within clinical pharmacy practice. A comprehensive review methodology was employed, drawing evidence from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with literature published between 2015 and 2025 prioritised. Conceptual integration and comparative analysis were applied to peer-reviewed clinical and modelling studies relevant to pharmacotherapeutic decision-making. The review highlights that personalisation achieves greatest value when PGx, biomarkers, MIPD, and digital tools are applied as interconnected components rather than isolated interventions. Evidence indicates improved therapeutic alignment, reduced variability, and enhanced decision consistency in complex care settings when integrative approaches are adopted. These findings underscore the importance of structured implementation and continuous reassessment to support individualised therapy. Long-term implications include expanded roles for data-enabled medication management and improved scalability of precision approaches across healthcare systems and clinical environments.
Bansal et al. (2026) studied this question.